Assessment of selected organic manures as plant growth
hormones and their impact on the growth attributes of Alium cepa Lin.
Perumal, 1* K, K. Praveena2, V.
Stalin1 & B. Janarthanam1
1Shri
email: energy1@vsnl.com
2 Srimad Andavan Arts & Science College, Department of
Biotechnology,
Key words: Alium cepa, biodynamic compost, organic manure, plant growth regulators and vermicompost.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*For correspondence (email: energy1@vsnl.com)
Abstract
In the current research work
we have explored the presence of plant growth hormones in selected organic
manures. Twelve types of organic manures such as vermicompost, NADEP compost,
cow pat pit (CPP), biodynamic compost, cow horn manure (BD 500), biodynamic
herbal preparations such as BD 502 to 507 were collected from Shri
INTRODUCTION
Green revolution technologies
involving greater use of synthetic agro chemicals such as fertilizers and
pesticides with adoption of nutrient responsive high yielding varieties of
crops have boosted the production output per hectare in most cases. However,
this increase in production has slowed down and in many cases there are
indications of decline in productivity and production. Moreover, the success of
industrial agriculture and the green revolution in recent decades has often
marked significant externalities affecting natural resources and human health
as well as agriculture itself. Environmental and health problems associated
with agriculture have been increasingly well documented. Increasing
consciousness about conservation of environment as well as of health hazards
caused by agro chemicals has brought a major shift in consumer preference
towards food quality, particularly in the developed countries. Consumers are
increasingly looking forward to organic foods that are considered safe and
hazard free. Organic farming technology is often understood as a form of
agriculture with use of only organic inputs for the supply of nutrients and
managements of pest and diseases. The organic agriculture technology is a
method of farming that aims to treat the farms as a living system which
interacted with the environment to produce nourishing, vitalized food, thus
benefiting mankind (Proctor, 2002).
Addition of organic manures like farmyard manure, crop residues, biogas slurry, crop wastes, oil cakes, earthworms and compost improved fertility of soil. The underlying principle of organic farming is the development of live humus out of dead organic materials so as to make biologically active humus as the basis of all living soil. Organic manures are important sources of plant nutrients. They maintain and restore active soil life and health. The chemical composition of organic residues which is a part of manures will influence the rate and extent of decomposition by the soil micro flora and thus potential for increasing soil organic matter.
Application of these soil amendments would change
the rhizosphere environments by affecting porosity, aeration temperature, water
holding capacity and soil microflora. These manures contain ingredients
necessary for the crops such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, sulphur, calcium
and magnesium. Soil fertility and nutrient supplying capacity of a soil can be
maintained on a long-term basis only by replenishing, through addition of
external inputs (manures), nutrients removed by cropping and those lost through
physical, chemical and biological processes. In addition to replenishing plant
nutrients with organic inputs the application of growth hormones such as Indole
acetic acid (IAA), Gibberlic acid (GA3) Cytokinin and
Abscisic acid (
METHODS
Sample Collection
The organic manure such as Vermicompost, NADEP,
Panchakavya, Biodynamic (BD) compost and cow pat pit (CPP) were obtained from
Shri
Physicochemical
analysis
The manures physicochemical properties such as pH, EC, N, P, K and organic carbon were estimated by following standard method as described by Muthuvel and Udayasoorian (1999). Lowry et al., (1951) method, determined protein content of organic manure.
Microbial
analysis of manure
Using standard dilution plate count techniques (Waksman, 1952) the microbial analysis of
organic manure was carried out. The media such as Nutrient agar (total
bacteria), Azospirillium isolation
agar medium for Azospirillum, Burk’s
medium for Azotobacter, Yeast extract
mannitol agar medium (YEMA) for Rhizobium
and Rose Bengal agar medium (total fungi) were prepared and used for
enumeration of total bacteria and fungi respectively. All the 12 samples were
serially diluted using sterile distilled water and dilutions were prepared from
10-2 to 10-7. One ml of
Extraction and estimation of Plant growth hormones
from manure
Extraction and estimation of growth hormones like
Indole acetic acid (IAA), Gibberlic acid (GA3), kinetin
and Abscisic acid in twelve organic manures were performed according to the
method of Unyayar et al., 1996. The
extraction and estimation procedure are shown in
figure 1. Spectrophotometer techniques were used to determine
the amount of growth hormones. Two grams of organic manure was individually
weighed and crushed into fine paste by using a clean mortar and pestle by
adding 60 ml of combined extract. The extract contains Methanol: Chloroform:
Ammonium (2N) solution in the ratio 12:5:3 v/v/v. The combined extract is
filtered and the filtrate is centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 27ºC.
Combined extract filtrate was treated with 25 ml of distilled water. The
chloroform phase was discarded. The water- methanol phase was evaporated. The
water phase was adjusted to the extract pH of 2.5 or 7 or 11 with 1N HCl or 1N
NaOH respectively and 15 ml of ethyl acetate was added at each of the three
steps as mentioned above. The sample is then, hydrolyzed at 70º C for 1 hour.
Quantification of
Hydrolyzed sample was dissolved in 2ml of methanol
and optical density (O.D) was determined by using UV-visible spectrophotometer
at different wavelengths. The amount of total growth hormones in the manure was
determined from the standard graph prepared with different concentration (10µg
to 100µg) of Indole acetic acid (IAA), Kinetin, Abscisic acid (
Plant growth
hormones Wavelength
IAA 250,222nm
GA3 254nm
Kinetin 269nm
Effect of
manure on onion growth under Hydroponics conditions
Selection of onion (Alium cepa)
Onion bulb (Alium
cepa) was obtained from local market Adyar in Chennai. The individual onion
bulb was brought to the laboratory and dried in sunlight for 1 day. The clean
and healthy bulbs were selected weighed and used for the following study.
Preparation of Hydroponics
One gram of manure was added in to a glass container containing 125 ml of distilled water, stirred well, and completely dissolved. Individual manures were added and hydroponics set was used for onion growth studies. Onion bulbs were placed at the top of the container and confirm that the root initiation part of the onion bulb touched the aqueous layer. All the setup were kept at 30º C and maintained at the laboratory up to 30 days. At every 5 day interval the sheath length, root length and numbers of roots were recorded.
Cytological studies
Cross section of onion root
Twenty day old onion roots were collected and the
roots were washed with distilled water. A cross section of root was sliced
using a sharp blade, where the root tip was previously placed in between the
thermacol. The cross section was stained using safranin stain for few minutes
and washed with distilled water. The cross section was mounted in a clean glass
slide and placed a glass cover slip over the specimen. Examined
the slide under the microscope (40 x objectives). The cross sections of
individual onion root were observed under white illumination and
photomicrographs were taken using
Root tip squash preparation
Onion root tips were placed in the fixative (Acetic acid and alcohol). Two or three times the root was washed and all the trace of fixative removed thoroughly with distilled water. The root tips were hydrolyzed in 1N HCl at 60º C for 7 minutes. Two or three times the root is washed to remove all the traces of HCl with distilled water. The root tips were trimmed by using a blade and stained in 2% acetocarmine. The root tip in a clean glass slide was mounted and a glass cover slip placed over the specimen. The meristem was squashed with 2% acetocarmine on the slide by applying gentle pressure on the cover slip and examined under the microscope and measures the cell size by using ocular/and stage micrometer.
RESULTS
According to Lixiju et al. (1998) the content of IAA and cytokinins in
soil treated with different organic manure were analyzed in an apple pot trial
and the observation revealed that organic manure increased the soil content of
growth regulators and stimulated plant growth. Besides higher plants, fungi
synthesize IAA, GA3,
Cow horn manure (BD 500)
BD 500 is called cow horn manure. It is made from
fresh lactating cow dung packed into cow horns, buried over the winter for
fermentation in the earth. Chemically it was found that an increase of nitrate
nitrogen from 0.06% to 1.7 %. i.e. about 28.31 times
of original content (Pfeiffer, 1958). BD 500 is unique formulation activates
regulates the soil by increasing its humus and bacterial content. BD 500 also
encourages earthworm activity and allows for better nourishment of the plants (Purple Hills 2003). The important effect
of BD 500 is stimulation of root growth, particularly fine hair roots. In our
study the BD 500 had a pH of 7.2 and EC 0.17 %. It was found that it has the
phosphorus content of 1.10 %, Potassium of 2.50 % and organic carbon of 24.50 %
(Perumal and Vatsala 2002) was
recorded (Table 1). BD 500 analyzed for the presence of growth hormone such as
Indole acetic acid (IAA) 21.6 mg /Kg and Kinetin 2.9 mg /Kg was recorded (Table
2). The microbial analysis shows that
4.0x106 bacteria in nutrient agar,0.2X106 Azoto bacter in Burk’s medium, 0.2x106Azospirillum, 0.8x106 fungi
in Rose Bengal agar, 3.0x106 Rhizobium
in YEMA medium was recorded in (Table 3).The BD 500 had a protein content of
2.48 gm / Kg of manures (Figure 2). The effect of BD500 on root /sheath growth
was studied under laboratory condition. Onion treated with BD500 had 41 roots
with an average length of rootlets 8.2 cm (Table 4). There were six sheaths,
with an average length of 16.4 cm was recorded on day 30. The microscopic
observation of onion root treated with CPP showed that cell size was 40.2μ in length and 20.3 μ in breadth (Table 5). The cross
section of onion roots revealed the presence of one metaxylem,
protoxylem groups in pentarch, phloem and parenchymatous cortex. (Figure 1 b, c).
BD 502
BD 502 is made from yarrow blossoms (Achiella milefolium) contained in a
stag’s bladder and hung over the summer. The effect BD 502 on plant is, it attracts trace element from the cosmos. Compost
prepared using yarrow will provide potash and sulphur (Perumal, 2002). The
analysis of the available minerals shows a decrease of potassium from 1.05% to
0.13%, an increase of calcium from 0.05% to 0.375% and phosphate remains stable
at about 0.06% and organic carbon 22.6%. The major increase is observed in
nitrate nitrogen from 0.07% to 2.5% (Pfeiffer,
1958). In our study the BD503 had a pH of 5.3 and EC 0.26% was recorded
(Table-1). BD502 analyzed for the presence of growth hormones such as Indole
acetic acid 9.7 mg /Kg and kinetin 6.9 mg /Kg was recorded (Table-2). The
microbial analysis shows that 1.2x106
bacteria in nutrient agar, 0.3x106 in Azotobaceter medium, 0.1x106 in Azospirillum medium, 0.3x105 fungi in Rose Bengal agar
and 1.0x106 in Rhizobium,
YEMA medium was recorded (Table-3). The BD 502 had a protein content of
0.84 gm / Kg of manures (Figure 2).
The
effect of BD 502 on root /sheath growth was studied under laboratory condition.
Onion treated with BD 502 had 23 roots with an average length of 6.5 cm (Table
4). There were three sheaths, with an average length of rootlets 7.5 cm was
recorded on day 30. The microscopic observation showed that cell size was
22.6μ in length and 13.75 μ in breadth (Table 5). The cross section
of onion root revealed the presence of parenchmatous cortex, one metaxylem and
phloem.
BD 503
The preparation is made from Matricaria recutita, chamomile blossoms,
contained in the bovine small intestine fermented over the winter bedded in
earth. Effect of BD 503, on plant is it regulates the decomposition of plant
protein and in preservation of plant nitrogen and provides calcium (Perumal, 2002). It was found that it
has increase level of calcium, from 0.05% to 0.47%, nitrogen from 0.04% to
3.1%, phosphate from 0.08% to 0.75%, Potassium 1.05%, OC 27.38% (Pfeiffer, 1958) was recorded
(Table 1). In our study the BD 503
had a pH of 5.7 and EC 0.29% was recorded (Table 2). BD 503 analyzed for the
presence of growth hormone such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) 7.8 mg /Kg, Kinetin
3.9 mg /Kg and absence of Abscisic acid (
BD 504
BD 504 is made from stinging nettle (Urtica dioreca) leaves and stem buried about 2 feet deep in
humus earth, separated from the soil by a thin layer of peat mosses. The effect
on plant is that, it mediates iron, which is important for plant chlorophyll
and helps strengthen the plants. It also provide certain quantity of magnesium
and sulphur, and because of the formic acid presence, it very good for humus
formation. (Perumal,, 2002). It has been found that, BD 504 has
boron of 0.1%, copper of 0.01%, manganese of 0.001 to 0.01%, calcium between 1
to 10 %, magnesium 5%, Nitrogen 0.5%, potassium 1.05%, phosphorus 0.05% and
nitrate content is ½ that of the green leaves (Pfeiffer, 1958). In our study, BD 504 had a pH of 8.1 and
electrical conductivity 0.23 % and organic carbon 28.32 % was recorded
(Table-1). BD 504 analyzed for the presence of growth hormone such as IAA-8.1
mg /Kg, Kinetin-5.6 mg /Kg, ABA-18.5 mg /Kg and absence of Gibberlic acid GA3
was recorded (Table-2). The microbial analysis shows that 3.5x106
bacteria in nutrient agar, 0.5x106 Azotobacter in Burk’s medium, 0.2x106 fungi in Rose
Bengal medium, 2.9x106 Rhizobium
in YEMA medium (Table-3). The BD 504 had a protein content of 0.94 gm / Kg
of manures (Figure 2). The effect of BD 504 on root /shoot (sheath) growth was
studied under laboratory conditions. Onion treated with BD 504 had 27 roots
with an average length of rootlets 6. 2 cm (Table 4).
There were four sheaths, with an average length of 6.3 cm was recorded on day
30. The microscopic observation showed that cell size was 39.2μ in length
and 15.5 μ in breadth. The cross section of onion root revealed the
presence of one metaxylem, phloem and the parenchmatous cortex.
BD 505
BD 505 is prepared from oak bark (Quercus incana), buried together with
skull of ruminants. The effect of BD 505 on plants is that, the oak bark
provides a connection between the living and dead. This is very effective
against plant disease (Perumal,
2002). It has been found that, BD 505 has high calcium content, Nitrogen more
than 10 %, potassium content from 0.05 to 0.013%, phosphate from 0.01 to 0.03%,
alum from 0.1 to above 1%, magnesium from 0.1 to 1 %, nitrate of 0.073% (Pfeiffer, 1958). In our study
BD 505 had a pH of 7.9 and EC 0.12% and organic carbon 16.85 % was recorded
(Table 1). BD 504 analysed for the presence of growth hormones such as Indole
acetic acid IAA 8.9 mg /Kg, Kinetin-0.03 mg /Kg Abscisic acid
BD 506
BD 506 is prepared from dandelion (Taraniam officinalis) contained within
the bovine mesentery. Due to the sensitive nature of the flower, Steiner
suggests that when added it provides silica for the plant development (Perumal, 2002). It has been found that, BD 506 has an increased content
of calcium 10%, magnesium (10%), nitrate nitrogen from (0.336 -3.38%),
phosphate from (0.46 to 0.72%), alum from (0.1 to 1%), boron (1%), barium
(0.1%), sodium (1%), potassium from (1.25 to 0.27 %) etc (Pfeiffer 1958). In our study, BD 506 had a pH of (6.1) and EC of
(29%) and organic carbon 11.42% was recorded (Table-1). BD 506 analyzed for the
presence of growth hormone such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) 3.1 mg /Kg , Kinetin 5.7 mg /Kg, Abscecic acid (ABA18.6 mg /Kg and
absence of Gibberlic acid (Table-2). The microbial analysis shows that , 3.7x106 bacteria in
nutrient agar, 0.3x106 Azotobacter
in Burk’s medium, 0.6x106 fungi in Rose Bengal agar and 2.0x106
Rhizobium in YEMA medium were
recorded (Table-3). The BD 506 had a protein content of 0.32 gm / Kg of manure
(Figure 2) the effect of BD500 on root growth was studied under laboratory
conditions. Onion treated with BD 506
had 23 roots with an average length of rootlets 2.5 cm was recorded on day 30
(Table 4) The microscopic observation showed that cell size was 27 u in length
and 12.3 u in breath (Table 5).
BD 507
This preparation is the pressed out extract from
valerian blossoms (Valeriana officinalis).
Valerian stimulates the phosphorus process. It may thus provide fast protection
for flowering fruit trees, and also promotes the development of the flowers and
fruit. When it is sprayed on to compost heaps it provides protective
enveloping, warmth and is also beneficial to earthworms. It has found that BD
507 has nitrate nitrogen of 0.145%, magnesium 0.1 to 10 % etc. (Pfeiffer, 1958). In our study BD 507
had a pH of 6.8, EC 0.01%, potassium 1.23% and organic carbon 26.90% (Table-1).
BD 507 analysed for the presence of growth hormones such as IAA 6.3 mg /Kg
Kinetin 5.8 mg /Kg and absence of
BD compost
The biodynamic (BD) compost was made from locally
available biomass. Blending with alternative layers of carbonaceous and
nitrogenous materials built the heap. 1 gram of each biodynamic herbal
preparation (BD 502-507) was inserted in to various places at the heap.
Moisture content is maintained and repeated turning was done at 60 days
interval for up to 5 months. The quantity obtained from 5 times of biodynamic
compost is 320 kg. They were utilized for the farm model and kitchen gardening
activities in the lab premises. It was also used for nursery preparation of
carrot and other seedlings (Perumal and
Vatsala, 2002). In our study BD compost had a pH of 7.3, EC 0.03 %,
nitrogen 0.5%, phosphorus 0.03%, potassium 0.75% and organic carbon 27.45% was
recorded. (Table 1). BD compost analyzed for the
presence of growth hormones such as IAA 6.1 mg /Kg, Kinetin 0.3 mg /Kg and
absence of ABA and GA3 was recorded (Table 2). The
microbial analysis shows that 2.7x106
bacteria in nutrient agar, 2.4x106 Azotobacter in Burk’s medium, 0.1x106 Azospirillum, 0. 6x106 fungi in Rose Bengal agar, 3.0x106 Rhizobium in YEMA medium (Table 3).
The BD compost had a protein content of 0.58 gm / Kg of manure (Figure 2). The
effect of BD compost on root growth was studied under laboratory condition.
Onion treated with BD compost had one root with an average length of rootlets 6
cm was recorded on day 30 (Table 4). The microscopic observation showed that
cell size was 23.5μ in length and 14.6 μ in breadth (Table 5). The
cross section of onion roots revealed the presence of one metaxylum, protoxlem
groups in hexarch, phloem and parenchmatous cortex.
Cow Pat Pit (CPP)
Manure from a cow pat pit is a
useful vehicle or medium for spreading the influence of herbal preparation such
as BD 502-507 in the compost. The lactating cow dung, crushed eggshells and
rock phosphate are mixed thoroughly and added with herbal preparation in a
defined pit. CPP provides nutrient and stimulate plant growth by enhancing
microbial population and protecting against fungal disease (Perumal, 2002). CPP manures as tree
paste stimulated numerous young buds in tea plantation (Peter Proctor, 2003).It has been found that, the CPP has nitrogen
content of 0.092%, phosphorus of 6.84%, potassium of 4.68 and organic carbon of
16.4% (Perumal, 2002).
In our study CPP had a pH of 8.6 and EC 0.11 % (Table 1). CPP analyzed for the
presence of growth hormones such as IAA 28.6 mg /Kg, Kinetin 7.6 mg /Kg , GA3 23.6 mg /Kg and absence
of ABA was recorded (Table 2). The microbial analysis shows that 4.8x106bacteria
in nutrient agar, 0.8x106 Azotobacter
in Burk’s medium, 0.2x106 Azospirillum,
1.1x106 fungi in Rose Bengal agar and 1.9x106 Rhizobium in YEMA medium was recorded (Table-3).
The CPP had a protein content of 4.96 gm / Kg of manure (Figure 2). The effect of CPP on root/sheath
growth was studied under laboratory condition. Onion treated with CPP had 30
roots with an average length of rootlets 7.0 cm (Table 4). There were 23 sheaths with an average length
of 18.5 cm was recorded on day 30 (Table 4). The microscopic observation showed that cell
size was 41.25μ in length and 20.5 μ in breadth (Table 5). The cross section of onion
roots revealed the presence of two metaxylum, protoxlem groups in hexarch
phloem and parenchmatous cortex (Figure. 2 d, e).
Vermicompost
Vermicompost play an important role in
the organic farming. It is one of the important methods of compost preparation.
Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms for the purpose of producing value added
manure. Moreover earthworms ingest litter, dung and other organic matter and
grind it in to fine particles, there by increasing the surface area and
promoting faster decomposition. The material passes through the body of the
earthworm to produce vermicast. Soil with vermicasts has roughly 100 times more
bacteria than soil without worms. Moreover plant growth promoting substances
have been reported to be present in vermicast (Ismail, 2002). It has been found that
vermicompost has nitrogen content of 2.12% phosphorus of 2.01%, potassium of
2.27% and organic carbon of 27.38% (Perumal,
2002).In our study, vermicompost had a pH of 6.6 and EC 0.04% was recorded
(Table 1) .Vermicompost analyzed for the presence of growth hormones such as
IAA8.2 mg /Kg, kinetin 5.7 mg /Kg and absence of ABA and GA3 was recorded (Table 2). The microbial analysis shows
that 2.8x106 in nutrient agar, 2.6x106 Azotobacter in Burk’s medium, 0.9x106
Azospirillum, 0. 3x106 fungi
in Rose Bengal agar and 1.6x106 Rhizobium
in YEMA medium was recorded (Table 3). The Vermicompost had a protein content
of 0.92 gm / Kg of manure (Figure 2). The effect of vermicompost on root/sheath
growth was studied under laboratory condition. Onion treated with vermicompost
had 28 roots with an average length of 7.6 cm was recorded on day 30 (Table 4).
The microscopic observation showed that cell size was 23μ in length and
11.5 μ in breadth (Table 5). The cross section of onion roots revealed the
presence of one metaxylem, protoxlem groups in hexarch, phloem and
parenchmatous cortex.
NADEP
compost
NADEP preparation is made from agricultural waste,
cow dung dried soil, water etc. Decomposition processes follows through aerobic
method and it requires about 90 to 120 days for obtaining the finished
products. The main advantage is it improves the physical, chemical and
biological condition of the soil. It also supplies the major and micronutrients
to the plant growth. It was found that the NADEP manure has nitrogen content of
1.38%, phosphorus of 0.92%, potassium 2.50% and organic carbon of 30.35% (Perumal, 2002). In our study the NADEP
had a pH of 6.7 and EC 0.05% was recorded (Table-1). NADEP analyzed for the
presence of growth hormones such as IAA 21.4 mg /Kg , kinetin 5.4 mg /Kg and
absence of ABA and GA3 was recorded (Table-2). The
microbial analysis shows that 3.2x106 bacteria in nutrient agar,
0.5x106 Azotobacter in
Burk’s medium, 0.3x106 Azospirillum,
0.4x106 fungi in Rose Bengal medium and 1.9x106 Rhizobium in YEMA medium was recorded
(Table-3). The NADEP had a protein content of 4.4 gm / Kg of manure (Figure 2).
The effect of NADEP on root/sheath growth was studied under laboratory
condition. Onion treated with NADEP had 37 roots with an average length of 10.5
cm recorded on day 30 (Table 4). The microscopic observation showed that cell
size was 27.15μ in length and 11.35 μ in breadth (Table 5). The cross
section of onion roots revealed the presence of one metaxylem, protoxlem groups
in hexarch, phloem and parenchmatous cortex.
Panchakavya
Panchakavya is prepared by using five
products from cow dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee. It contains bacteria,
fungi, protein, carbohydrates, fats and some growth promoting factors. In our
study panchakavya had a pH of 3.7% and EC 0.40% nitrogen 1.28 %, phosphorus
0.72%, potassium 2.23 % and organic carbon 17.45% was recorded. (Table 1). Panchakavya analyzed for the presence of growth
hormones such as IAA10.4 mg /Kg, kinetin 3.9 mg /Kg and absence of ABA was
recorded (Table 2). The microbial analysis shows that 3.8x106 bacteria in nutrient
agar, 0.8x106 Azotobacter
in Burk’s medium, 0.2x106 Azospirillum,
0.6x106fungi in rose bengal agar and 2.0x106 Rhizobium in YEMA medium was recorded
(Table 3). The Panchakavya had a protein content of 4.8 gm / Kg of manure
(Figure 2). The effect of panchakavya on root/sheath growth was studied under
laboratory condition. Onion treated had 3 sheaths with an average length of
rootlets of 3.5 cm recorded on day 30 (Table 4). The microscopic observation
showed that cell size was 24.32 μ in length and 13.3 μ in breadth
(Table 5). The cross section of onion roots revealed the presence of one metaxylum
protoxlem groups in hexarch, phloem and parenchmatous cortex.
As the organic manures both directly and indirectly
by benefit the soil and plants, their conservation and efficient use in
agriculture assumed importance as essential components of nature friendly
agriculture. Because of the need for increasing agricultural output in the
developing countries it is not advisable to dispense with the use of chemical
fertilizer abruptly, this strategy in the course of time can cause a
significant reduction in the consumption of chemical fertilizer in agriculture
without depressing the production potential of soil resource. It has been
proved all over
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Prof. P. N.
Raju, The Acting Director, Shri
Table 1. Physico chemical properties of organic manures
|
Treatment |
pH |
EC (%) |
Nitrogen (N) % |
Phosphorus (P) % |
Potassium (k) % |
Organic Carbon (OC) % |
|
BD 500 |
7.2 |
0.17 |
1.62 |
1.10 |
2.50 |
24.50 |
|
BD 502 |
5.3 |
0.26 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
1.05 |
22.6 |
|
BD 503 |
5.7 |
0.29 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
2.27 |
27.38 |
|
BD 504 |
8.1 |
0.23 |
0.5 |
0.05 |
1.05 |
28.32 |
|
BD 505 |
7.9 |
0.12 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
0.05 |
16.85 |
|
BD 506 |
6.1 |
0.29 |
0.33 |
0.46 |
1.25 |
11.42 |
|
BD 507 |
6.8 |
0.01 |
0.14 |
0.01 |
1.23 |
26.90 |
|
BD Compost |
7.3 |
0.03 |
0.5 |
0.03 |
0.75 |
27.45 |
|
CPP |
8.6 |
0.11 |
2.09 |
6.84 |
4.68 |
16.4 |
|
Vermicompost |
6.6 |
0.04 |
2.12 |
2.01 |
2.27 |
27.38 |
|
NADEP |
3.7 |
0.05 |
1.38 |
0.92 |
2.50 |
30.35 |
|
Panchakavya
|
3.7 |
0.40 |
1.28 |
0.72 |
2.23 |
17.45 |
Note: EC-Electrical conductivity
Table 2. Quantification Plant growth Hormone from
organic manure
|
Treatment |
IAA mg/ Kg of manures |
Kinetin mg/Kg of
manures |
mg/ Kg of manures |
GA3 mg/ Kg of manures |
|
BD 500 |
21.6 |
2.9 |
- |
- |
|
BD 502 |
9.7 |
6.9 |
- |
- |
|
BD 503 |
7.8 |
3.9 |
- |
- |
|
BD 504 |
8.1 |
5.6 |
18.5 |
- |
|
BD 505 |
8.9 |
0.03 |
18.6 |
- |
|
BD 506 |
3.1 |
5.7 |
18.6 |
- |
|
BD 507 (2ml) |
6.3 |
5.8 |
- |
- |
|
BD Compost |
6.1 |
0.3 |
- |
- |
|
CPP |
28.6 |
7.6 |
- |
23.6 |
|
Vermicompost |
8.2 |
5.7 |
- |
- |
|
NADEP |
21.4 |
5.4 |
- |
- |
|
Panchakavya ( 2ml) |
10.4 |
3.9 |
- |
- |
|
Wheat grass |
0.5 |
3 |
2.6 |
4.4 |
Note: - No
Table 3. Microbial analysis of organic
manures
|
Treatment |
Nutrient agar x106 |
Azotobacter x106 |
Azospirillum x106 |
Fungi x106 |
Rhizobium x106 |
|
BD 500 |
4.0 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
3.0 |
|
BD 502 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
|
BD 503 |
3.9 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
2.0 |
|
BD 504 |
3.5 |
0.5 |
- |
0.2 |
2.9 |
|
BD 505 |
8 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.7 |
|
BD 506 |
3.7 |
0.8 |
- |
0.6 |
2.0 |
|
BD 507 |
3.0 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
|
BD Compost |
2.7 |
2.4 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
3.0 |
|
CPP |
4.8 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
|
Vermicompost |
2.8 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
1.6 |
|
NADEP |
3.2 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
1.9 |
|
Panchakavya |
3.8 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
Note: - No microbial count
Table 4. Effect of different organic manures on growth of (Alium cepa).
|
Treatment |
Root(30 th day) |
Sheath(30 th
Day) |
||
|
Number of roots |
Length of roots (Average3
times) |
Number of Sheath |
Length of Sheath |
|
|
BD 500 |
41 |
8.2 |
6 |
16.4 |
|
BD 502 |
23 |
6.5 |
3 |
7.5 |
|
BD 503 |
22 |
6.8 |
- |
- |
|
BD 504 |
27 |
6.2 |
4 |
6.25 |
|
BD 505 |
3 |
6.5 |
- |
- |
|
BD 506 |
23 |
2.5 |
- |
- |
|
BD 507 |
26 |
7.1 |
- |
- |
|
BD compost |
1 |
6 |
- |
- |
|
CPP(MCRC) |
30 |
7 |
23 |
18.5 |
|
Vermicompost |
28 |
7.6 |
- |
- |
|
NADEP |
37 |
10.5 |
- |
- |
|
Panchakavya |
12 |
9 |
3 |
3.5 |
Note: - No growth
Table. 5.
Effect of organic manures on onion root (cell size-root tip squash method)
|
Cell size ( Onion) |
||
|
Treatment |
Length in(μ) |
Breadth (μ) |
|
BD 500 |
40.2 |
20.3 |
|
BD 502 |
22.6 |
13.75 |
|
BD 503 |
40.16 |
21.4 |
|
BD 504 |
39.2 |
15.5 |
|
BD 505 |
21.05 |
12.5 |
|
BD 506 |
27 |
12.3 |
|
BD 507 |
37.7 |
14.5 |
|
BD Compost |
23.5 |
14.6 |
|
CPP |
41.5 |
20.5 |
|
Vermicompost |
23 |
11.5 |
|
NADEP |
27.15 |
11.35 |
|
Panchakavya |
24.32 |
13.32 |
|
Control |
10 |
6 |
Figure. 2. Estimation
of protein in different organic manures
a. BD 500 e. BD
505 i. CPP
b. BD
502 f. BD 506 j. Vermicompost
c. BD
503 g. BD 507 k. NADEP
d. BD 504 h. BD
compost l. Panchakavya
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